Which surgical procedure involves creating an opening between an artery and a vein?

The surgical procedure that involves creating an opening between an artery and a vein is known as an arteriovenous fistula. This procedure is commonly performed for patients who require hemodialysis, as it allows for easier access to the bloodstream for the removal and return of blood during the dialysis process.

In an arteriovenous fistula, a direct connection is established between an artery and a vein, which leads to increased blood flow in the vein over time. This increase in blood flow causes the vein to enlarge and become more suitable for repeated needle access during dialysis sessions.

The other options do not pertain to the creation of such an opening. Cystoscopy involves examining the bladder and urinary tract through a scope, dialysis is a treatment for kidney failure but does not involve creating a fistula itself, and catheterization refers to the placement of a catheter into a body cavity for various purposes, which does not include forming an artificial connection between an artery and a vein.